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Guide to Writing a Handwritten Will

I. Introduction and Statement#

This "Guide to Writing a Handwritten Will" is written in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China and relevant judicial interpretations. Handwritten wills have many advantages, such as autonomy, privacy, convenience, and the ability to express one's wishes authentically. Moreover, it is the only major form of will specified by the Civil Code that does not require the presence of other witnesses. Testators can write their wills anytime and anywhere without worrying about the contents being known or leaked by witnesses, allowing them to express their various wishes more genuinely. However, the authenticity of handwritten wills is often questioned, leading to numerous disputes among heirs, family discord, and even litigation.

To address the significant issue of proving the authenticity of handwritten wills, the United Trust has innovatively launched the "Will Guardian" product (website: https://will.tsa.cn) after extensive research. This product can objectively prove the authenticity of the will-writing process, the time of writing, and the content of the will, achieving the function of objectively witnessing the entire process of writing a handwritten will. By using the "Will Guardian," testators can fill in the relevant content according to the template's guidance, generate a draft will, and after confirming that the will's content is correct, further complete the will according to the guidance of the "Will Guardian." Testators can also ask professional lawyers or other legal professionals to review and improve the draft will before finalizing it. To make the process of writing a handwritten will more standardized and effectively reduce disputes during the execution of the will regarding the authenticity of the signature, whether the content has been tampered with, and whether the time of writing is certain, the United Trust has compiled this "Guide" addressing common issues in the process of writing a handwritten will, for the reference of testators and other relevant individuals.

【Special Statement】 The United Trust only provides advice on the process of writing a handwritten will and does not constitute any commitment or guarantee. It does not bear any legal responsibility for the writing, validity, execution, etc., of handwritten wills, and the decision to reference or adopt this advice is left to the testator.

II. Requirements for Writing a Handwritten Will#

According to Article 1134 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, a handwritten will must be written in the testator's own handwriting, signed, and dated. Therefore, when writing a handwritten will, testators should pay attention to the following points:

1. The entire handwritten will must be written by the testator personally. The testator should use a pen to write the will's content (including the main text and signature) completely on paper; it cannot be written or partially written by others. When writing, it is advisable to use pens that are easy to preserve long-term and difficult to alter, such as fountain pens, ballpoint pens, or brushes, and avoid using pens that are not easy to preserve or easy to alter, such as ballpoint pens, pencils, or crayons.
2. Signature at the end. The testator's name should be consistent with the name on their ID card, passport, or other legal documents. Do not sign with a stage name, pen name, nickname, or former name. The signature can be in regular script or cursive, but it should be as consistent as possible with the signature habits on other legal documents to facilitate handwriting verification in case of disputes.
3. Date at the end. The signing date must include "year, month, and day," and should not only write the year and month or the month and day. The date can be expressed in Arabic numerals or Chinese characters, but it should use the Gregorian calendar rather than the lunar calendar, with the year expressed in four digits and the month and day in two digits, for example: August 15, 2024.
4. Accurately write the names of the heirs in the handwritten will. The names of the heirs in the handwritten will should be consistent with the names on their ID cards, passports, or other legal documents. Do not use stage names, pen names, nicknames, former names, or family rankings.
5. Writing requirements for the handwritten will. The writing of the entire will should be as standardized and neat as possible, without alterations. If a mistake is found during writing, it cannot be corrected; the page must be torn out and rewritten.
6. A handwritten will does not require witnesses, nor does it require the approval of heirs or other close relatives; therefore, the entire will only needs to be written and signed by the testator.
7. It is recommended that the testator sign and date at the bottom of each page of the will and indicate the page number, ensuring consistency with the signature habits and signing dates at the end of the entire will.

III. Video Recording Requirements for the Handwritten Will Process#

1. To prove the authenticity of the will-writing process and avoid disputes among heirs, it is strongly recommended that testators use the "Will Guardian" (website: https://will.tsa.cn) to complete the writing of the handwritten will. It is not advisable to use cameras or mobile phones for direct video recording, as videos produced in these ways can be easily edited or tampered with, and their originality and authenticity can be easily questioned.

2. When writing the will, the testator should enter the "Will Guardian" mini-program's "Writing" function and continuously record the process of writing the will, signing, and reading the will aloud. During the recording, avoid actions that may interrupt the recording, such as answering phone calls, switching applications, closing the "Will Guardian" mini-program, or locking the phone. If any situation causes the recording to be interrupted, it needs to be re-recorded. It is advisable to prepare the draft will before formally writing it and to copy it during the writing process. The recording of the will-writing process mainly includes:
   (1) Holding the phone to record the surrounding environment while writing the will, circling around the room to ensure that no heirs or close relatives of the heirs are present. If others are present, the identity of those present and their relationship with the testator should be explained, and their appearance characteristics should be clearly displayed in the footage;
   (2) Fixing the phone for recording, adjusting the angle to clearly capture the entire process of writing the will and signing. After writing, hold the will up to clearly display all the content and the signature in the footage. If there are modifications during writing, the modified page can be torn out and rewritten without needing to re-record; it is advisable to prepare the draft will before formally writing it and to copy it during the writing process.
   (3) The testator should read the will's content facing the camera, ensuring that their voice is loud and clear, minimizing surrounding noise. The testator should remain in the recorded footage throughout. The suggested reading content is as follows:

   Today is xx year xx month xx day, I am xx, currently residing at xx community, room xx (actual location of writing the will). Today I am clear-headed and free to act,

   I am making a handwritten will (display the handwritten will), and I will read the contents... The above content is my true thoughts, and I know and am willing to abide by the legal consequences of making this will, and I record this video as evidence.
   (4) After filming the will-writing process, use the "Will Guardian" mini-program's photo function to take pictures of the written will, ensuring that each page of the will is clearly photographed.

3. After completing the will using the "Will Guardian," check the details in the "Will Management" section of the "Will Guardian" mini-program and perform the following operations:
   (1) Click to mail the paper will certificate, fill in the mailing address, recipient, and contact number. The "Will Guardian" will mail you the paper "Will Certificate."
   (2) Download the will materials and download the certificate. You will receive encrypted electronic evidence of the will-writing process and the corresponding "Trusted Timestamp Certification Certificate." Please save all the above electronic evidence materials and the corresponding extraction password to a USB drive or burn them to a CD, and keep them properly along with the paper will and the paper "Will Certificate" issued by the "Will Guardian."
   (3) Note: The electronic evidence downloaded from the "Will Guardian" should not be modified in any form; otherwise, its authenticity and integrity cannot be verified.

4. Using the "Will Guardian" to record and photograph the will-writing process is to prove the authenticity of the will-writing process, the time of writing, and the content of the will. The "Will Guardian" instantly certifies this electronic data with a trusted timestamp, generating legally effective electronic evidence that can be directly used to resolve important issues in will disputes, such as tampering with the will's content, inability to verify handwriting, defects in signatures, coercion at the signing site, and uncertainty about the time of writing.

IV. Modifications to the Handwritten Will#

After writing a handwritten will, if there are changes in subjective or objective circumstances, the testator may write a new will. The new will can revise certain clauses based on the existing handwritten will or can completely replace the existing will. If only revisions are made to the existing will, the testator can separately write a "Change to the Will dated xxxx year x month x day," stating the changes to a specific clause of the existing will. The original of the change should be kept together with the original of the existing will. If a new will is to be written, it is recommended that the testator destroy the existing will to reduce the possibility of disputes.

Regardless of the method chosen, the writing requirements and storage rules for the new will must comply with the writing requirements, video recording requirements during the writing process, and storage requirements outlined in this "Guide." According to Article 1142 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, a testator may revoke or change their will. If the testator engages in civil legal acts contrary to the will's content after establishing the will, it will be regarded as a revocation of the relevant content of the will. In cases where multiple wills exist and their contents conflict, only the last will established will have legal binding force. The Civil Code has abolished the priority of notarized wills; even if a previous will was notarized, if the testator establishes another form of will (such as a handwritten will, a proxy will, a printed will, or a recorded will) after the implementation of the Civil Code, and if these subsequent wills conflict with the content of the previous notarized will, the content of the last will shall prevail.

V. Storage Requirements for the Original Handwritten Will and Electronic Data Files#

After completing the handwritten will, it is essential to keep the original securely to prevent its destruction. It is recommended that the testator place the written paper will original, the CD or USB drive containing the electronic evidence materials generated by the "Will Guardian," and the issued "Will Certificate" into a file bag and store it in a place where it can be found when sorting out belongings after death, or entrust it to a trusted heir or other close relatives or friends for safekeeping, to prevent the established will from being unenforced due to lack of awareness; the testator may also choose to have a lawyer manage and execute the will. By using the "Will Guardian" to establish the will, the United Trust will securely store the video recordings, photos, and other electronic data files generated during the entire will-writing process. This electronic data file serves as proof of the authenticity of the will-writing process and is not the original will. Only the testator or a designated extractor (who must hold the testator's death certificate and other materials) can extract this electronic data file.

VI. Effectiveness of the Handwritten Will#

1. A handwritten will must meet the substantive requirements for handwritten wills as stipulated in the Civil Code and relevant judicial interpretations. (See "VII. Attachments" for details.)
2. The will takes effect upon the death of the testator; therefore, during the testator's lifetime, the will does not have any legal effect. The testator may revoke or change the content of the will at any time. In cases where multiple wills exist and their contents conflict, the last will shall prevail.
3. After the future death of the testator, the heirs shall hold the will and the deceased's death certificate to handle inheritance matters. Heirs may choose one of the following two methods:
   Method One: Notarized Inheritance. Heirs shall take this will, the deceased's death certificate, proof of kinship, and relevant property certificates to any notary office in China to handle inheritance notarization. During the notarization process, the notary agency will verify the authenticity of this will and the intentions of other heirs and issue a notarized document. Heirs shall take the inheritance document to the relevant departments to complete the property transfer.
   Method Two: Litigation Inheritance. Heirs, as plaintiffs, may sue other legal heirs of the deceased as defendants in the court of the deceased's residence or the court of the primary estate location, requesting inheritance according to this will. The people's court will issue a judgment document (civil judgment or mediation document) after hearing the case, and heirs shall take the effective judgment document to the relevant departments to complete the inheritance.

VII. Attachments

1. Provisions related to handwritten wills in the Civil Code:
   Article 1133: Natural persons may make wills to dispose of personal property according to the provisions of this law and may designate executors.
   Natural persons may make wills to designate one or more statutory heirs to inherit personal property. Natural persons may make wills to donate personal property to the state, collective, or organizations or individuals other than statutory heirs.
   Article 1134: A handwritten will must be written in the testator's own handwriting, signed, and dated.
   Article 1142: A testator may revoke or change their will. If the testator engages in civil legal acts contrary to the will's content after establishing the will, it will be regarded as a revocation of the relevant content of the will. In cases where multiple wills exist and their contents conflict, only the last will shall prevail.
   Article 1141: A will must reserve necessary shares of the estate for heirs who lack labor capacity and have no source of livelihood.
   Article 1143: Wills made by persons without civil capacity or with limited civil capacity are invalid. Wills must express the true intentions of the testator; those made under fraud or coercion are invalid. Forged wills are invalid. If a will is tampered with, the tampered content is invalid.
2. Provisions related to handwritten wills in the "Interpretation (I) of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of the Inheritance Chapter of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China" (Legal Interpretation [2024] No. 23):
   Article 3: If the deceased had a legacy support agreement with others and also made a will, after the inheritance begins, if the legacy support agreement does not conflict with the will, the estate shall be handled separately according to the agreement and the will; if there is a conflict, the agreement shall prevail, and the conflicting parts of the will shall be entirely or partially invalid.
   Article 25: If the testator did not reserve an estate share for heirs who lack labor capacity and have no source of livelihood, necessary estate must be left for that heir during estate handling, and only the remaining portion may be handled according to the distribution principles specified in the will.
   Whether an heir lacks labor capacity and has no source of livelihood should be determined according to the specific situation of that heir at the time the will takes effect.
   Article 26: If the testator disposes of state, collective, or other people's property in the will, that portion of the will shall be deemed invalid.
   Article 27: If the content of a will concerning the disposition of personal property after death is indeed the true intention of the deceased, is signed by the deceased, and is dated, and there is no contrary evidence, it may be treated as a handwritten will.
   Article 28: The testator must have full civil capacity when making a will. Wills made by persons without civil capacity or with limited civil capacity are invalid, even if they later attain full civil capacity. If a testator has full civil capacity when making a will but later becomes a person without civil capacity or with limited civil capacity, it does not affect the will's validity.

Detailed Notes on Legal Will Forms:

I. Handwritten Will [Simple, no witnesses required]

Entirely handwritten, signature must be the name on the ID card, fingerprints are not acceptable, must include (accurate to the day) date, preferably without alterations or additions; it is best to sign at the bottom of each page (to avoid suspicion), and it can be recorded while writing for more proof.

II. Proxy Will [Spoken by the testator but written by someone else]

Requires the testator's personal signature confirmation, needs at least two witnesses present, and ultimately requires signatures and dates from the testator, the writer, and other witnesses, ensuring no leading questions during the writing process.

III. Printed Will [Printed and signed]

Typing and printing by oneself is a handwritten will; having someone else help print is a proxy will, requiring at least two witnesses present. The testator and witnesses must sign and date each page of the will (handwritten wills do not require signatures on every page because context can be verified through the testator's handwriting).

IV. Audio-Video Will

In addition to the testator, at least two witnesses must be present and appear in the audio-video recording, recording their names or likenesses and the date. Witnesses must show their faces, and the video will should ensure continuity.

V. Oral Will

In crisis situations, an oral will can be made, requiring at least two witnesses to be present. If after the crisis the testator can make a written or audio-video will, the oral will will be invalid.

VI. Notarized Will [Highest Validity]

Witnessed by more professional independent notary personnel, printed, and strictly processed according to regulations, it has the highest validity but is cumbersome to process. (*Currently, only the last will is valid.)

[WeChat mini-program wills have no legal effect, and timed email wills also have no legal effect.]

[Property wills and letters are different.]

[Witness qualification restrictions—those who cannot serve as witnesses include: ① persons without civil capacity, persons with limited civil capacity, and others who do not have the capacity to witness (such as children); ② heirs, legatees; ③ those with interests related to heirs or legatees (etc.).]

A standard will should look like this.

In this article, I will use a will template that I commonly use as a basis to comprehensively introduce the basic elements, writing norms, and key points to pay attention to during the will-writing process.

I.

Let's start with handwritten wills. As the name suggests, a handwritten will is one that the testator writes in their own handwriting.

According to legal provisions, the basic elements that a handwritten will should include are as follows:

Testator's identity information

Estate information

Heirs' identity information

Date (year, month, day)

Personal signature

In other words, as long as these contents are included, the will is basically valid.

Let's first look at the simplest will:

The title states "Will," the testator's name is present, and the ID number is included. The intention to dispose of the estate is clear, and the designated heirs are also mentioned. It should be noted that although there is no specific estate information here, since it states "all estate," any property that can be proven to belong to the testator falls within the scope of this will's disposal. Finally, the date and the testator's signature are included.

Although this will looks simple, it meets all the basic elements and is a valid handwritten will.

Of course, unless there are special circumstances, I personally recommend being as detailed as possible. This can help avoid some proof issues in the subsequent inheritance process.

II.

The elements I personally recommend for a will should ideally include the following:

Testator's name, ID number

Information about the testator's statutory heirs

Specific estate information

Consequences of any changes to the estate

Heirs' names, ID numbers, and relationship to the testator

Statement of sound mental condition and full civil capacity

Statement of no coercion or deception, voluntarily making this will

Date noted on each page, personal signature, and fingerprint

Accompanying a handwriting verification sample

Next, I will explain using a will template that I often use:

The header includes the title and the testator's name.

The first clause includes the testator's identity information, as well as the identity information of each statutory heir, their relationships, and information about deceased relatives. If some relatives passed away early and do not have death certificates, mentioning this here can facilitate evidence collection for subsequent inheritance notarization.

The second clause details the specific estate information. I have listed common types, and you can add or subtract based on your needs.

First, definitely include real estate; generally, just stating the address and property certificate number is sufficient. If the private house does not have a property certificate, include the land certificate information. Furniture and equipment can be included or excluded. The last sentence is recommended. In practice, if the will only states that a certain property is inherited by someone, but before passing away, the property is demolished without changing the will, it is considered a change in the estate, and the original will will not take effect. Therefore, this clause must be included.

Next is vehicles; in addition to the vehicle itself, a Shanghai license plate also has some value, so it is good to clearly state the rights to transfer the license plate quota.

Bank deposits, securities, and company shares can be added or subtracted as needed. The specific inheritance process for the estate has been explained in detail in the inheritance process section; if you haven't seen it, you can click on my profile to follow and find it in previous articles or videos.

Additionally, if you only want to designate one heir or legatee for the estate, you can list all properties and then write, "All of the above properties are inherited by someone." There is no need to repeat this in each item.

The third clause states that the testator has the capacity to make a will and that their mental state is sound.

The fourth clause states that the will made is the true intention of the testator and that there has been no external interference.

The fifth clause states that all the above properties belong to the testator, and they have the right to dispose of them. This clause is not necessary to write.

The sixth clause is also not necessary to write.

The seventh clause states the number of copies of the will and who will keep them. In practice, the inheritor usually has one copy, and another can be kept by a witness or a third party.

The eighth clause can include other valid documents with the testator's signature. This is generally used in case there are disputes among heirs after the testator's death and litigation ensues, which can be used for handwriting verification. If there are none, it is not a big issue.

Finally, the signing date should specify the year, month, and day, which can serve as a reference for the will's validity, such as correlating with the current property ownership and the testator's mental state. It can also help determine which will is valid in cases of multiple wills.

Signatures and fingerprints are required. Some elderly individuals may not be able to write or may have difficulty writing due to age or changes in handwriting. In such cases, fingerprints are very important as they help determine the true intentions of the testator.

This is how a more complete will should look.

This template contains a lot of content and is better suited for printed wills.

If it is a printed will, the last part of the will also needs to include the witnesses' information.

You can first write a statement, and when the witnesses sign, they also agree to the statement's content. It is best for both witnesses to sign and fingerprint at the same time, while also filling in their ID numbers, signing dates, and relationships with the testator.

Additionally, one point to note is regarding the issue of whether inheritance of the will constitutes community property between spouses.

The marriage law stipulates that inherited property is community property, except where the will specifies that it belongs solely to one party. What happens if the will only states who inherits but does not explicitly exclude the other party? Different courts have different views on this. Currently, it tends to favor personal property. However, to eliminate risks in such situations, it is recommended that those with this need include a clause in the will stating, "When the heir inherits the testator's estate, the inherited estate is their personal property and has nothing to do with their spouse." This way, it is foolproof.

III.

Finally, let me briefly discuss the process of establishing a printed will.

Invite two witnesses without conflicting interests, and first, the testator should orally state the will's content. One of the witnesses should record, fill it out, and print it out, preferably doing it on-site. Then, the printed will content should be shown to the testator or read aloud to them, confirming each part. Once everything is confirmed, both witnesses and the testator need to sign, fingerprint, and date each page of the printed paper. Remember, each page must be signed.

Additionally, if conditions allow, it is advisable to record the process simultaneously. Heirs should ideally avoid being present to avoid any suspicion of coercion or deception. Although the law does not stipulate this, it can help avoid such allegations. Regarding the standards for witnesses without conflicting interests, I have detailed explanations in the articles and videos on wills; those who are not familiar can go back and check, so I won't elaborate further here.

Will (Sample Template) Introduction: This compilation categorizes 11 versions of wills for your reference.

Introduction: This compilation categorizes 11 versions of wills for your reference.

1. Handwritten Will: One child inherits, and it is considered the child's personal property.

2. Handwritten Will: Multiple children inherit, and it is considered community property of the children.

3. Handwritten Will: Multiple estates, multiple beneficiaries.

4. Proxy Will: Bequeathed to grandchildren, with reserved living rights for a third party.

5. Proxy Will: Establishing inheritance order.

6. Proxy Will: Designating an executor.

7. Proxy Will: Designating an estate manager.

8. Printed Will: Partial estate donation, with fallback clauses, and includes funeral arrangements.

9. Printed Will: Initially a bequest, may later become an inheritance.

10. Notarized Will: Designating an estate manager, deposit, and guardianship for disabled children, providing legal protection.

11. Handwritten Will: Body or organ donation, special burial methods.

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network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images network images